Critical concentration and management of nitrogen fertilization in the establishment of Brachiaria hybrid Mavuno

Lilian Elgalise Techio Pereira

Resumo


The critical range of leaf nitrogen (%NLeaf) concentration can be used to monitor the plant’s nitrogen (N) status, being an essential tool to define strategic fertilization protocols, where the time and amounts of fertilizers are applied according to pasture’s demand. The productivity parameters and two methods to determine N sufficiency – (i) the N nutrition index (NNI) and (ii) the normalized N sufficiency index (NSI) – were evaluated in Brachiaria hybrid Mavuno (Brachiaria spp. Syn. Urochloa spp.) along the regrowth cycles of the first growth season after seeding (establishment phase). The aims of the study were to estimate the critical %NLeaf for Mavuno grass pastures through productivity parameters, considering the sampling of the youngest expanded leaf as reference. Fertilization rates were defined as follow:  no-nitrogen (N0), 15 (N15), 30 (N30) and 45 (N45) kg ha-1 of N and were applied after each cutting. The Falker chlorophyll index (FCI) was obtained from a portable chlorophyll meter Falker ClorofiLOG® CFL1030, and results were used to calculate the NSI. The regression analysis, on a regrowth cycle basis, provided the parameters to estimate the critical range of %NLeaf and the fertilization rates to attain the maximum forage accumulation. Population density of tiller was the main response contributing to increasing leaf and stem mass, leaf area index and forage accumulation as N fertilization increased. The FCI and NSI were unable to capture differences in %NLeaf, but NNI was a suitable tool to detect N status in Mavuno grass. The critical %NLeaf range varied from 2.75 to 3.07% and may be indicated to monitor pasture’s N status. The strategic N fertilization protocol suggested for the growth season after seeding is to apply 42.0 to 46.7 kg ha-1 of N at the first regrowth, 27.0 to 32.5 kg ha-1 of N during the two following regrowth cycles, whereas at the end of the season (April to May regrowth) only 22.2 to 24.7 kg ha-1 of N would be enough to sustain a maximum growth.

Palavras-chave


Brachiaria spp. Best management practices. Nitrogen sufficiency. Tropical pastures.

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referências


ALVARES, C. A. et al. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, v. 22, n. 6, p. 711–728, 2013. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507.

ATA-UL-KARIM, S.T. et al. Comparison of different critical nitrogen dilution curves for nitrogen diagnosis in rice. Scientific reports, v. 7, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/srep42679.

BARUCH, Z.; GUENNI, O. Irradiance and defoliation effects in three species of the forage grass Brachiaria. Tropical Grasslands, v. 41, n. 4, p. 269, 2007.

CAMINHA, F.O. et al. Stability of tiller population of continuously stocked marandu palisade grass fertilized with nitrogen. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 45, n. 2, p. 213-220, 2010. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-204X2010000200013.

CARDOSO, A.S. et al. Impact of the intensification of beef production in Brazil on greenhouse gas emissions and land use. Agricultural Systems, v. 143, p. 86-96, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2015.12.007.

CASTAGNARA, D.D. et al. Morphogenesis and production of tanzânia, mombaça and mulato grasses under nitrogen fertilization. Bioscience Journal, v. 30, n. 3, 2014.

COSTA, J.P.R. et al. Relative chlorophyll contents in the evaluation of the nutritional status of nitrogen from xaraes palisade grass and determination of critical nitrogen sufficiency index. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, v. 37, n. 2, p. 109-114, 2015. DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i2.24854.

DIERKING, R.M. et al. Nitrogen reserve pools in two Miscanthus× giganteus genotypes under contrasting N managements. Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 8, p. 1618, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01618.

DIXON, P. M. Should blocks be fixed or random?. Statistics Conference Proceedings, Presentations and Posters, p. 23-39, 2016. DOI: 10.4148/2475-7772.1474

DWYER, J.M.; HOBBS, R. J.; MAYFIELD, M.M. Specific leaf area responses to environmental gradients through space and time. Ecology, v. 95, n. 2, p. 399-410, 2014. DOI: 10.1890/13-0412.1.

EMBRAPA - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. 2013. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. Brasília, DF: Embrapa.

FARRUGGIA, A.; GASTAL, F.; SCHOLEFIELD, D. Assessment of the nitrogen status of grassland. Grass and Forage Science, v.59, n.2, p. 113-120, 2004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2004.00411.x.

FLETCHER, A.L.; CHAKWIZIRA, E. Developing a critical nitrogen dilution curve for forage brassicas. Grass and Forage Science, v. 67, n.1, p. 13-23, 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2011.00830.x.

GASTAL, F. et al. Quantifying crop responses to nitrogen and avenues to improve nitrogen-use efficiency. In: SADRAS, V.O.; SARDI, A.; CALDERINI, D.F. (Eds.). Crop physiology. Academic Press, 2015. p. 161-206. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-417104-6.00008-X.

GLOSER, V. Seasonal changes of nitrogen storage compounds in a rhizomatous grass Calamagrostis epigeios. Biologia Plantarum, v. 45, n. 4, p. 563-568, 2002.

GOBBI, K.F. et al. Área foliar específica e anatomia foliar quantitativa do capim-braquiária e do amendoim-forrageiro submetidos a sombreamento. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 40, n. 7, p. 1436-1444, 2011. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000700006.

KENWARD, M.G.; ROGER, J.H. Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics, v.53, n.3, p. 983-997, 1997.

LAVRES JUNIOR, J.; SANTOS JUNIOR, J.D.G.; MONTEIRO, F.A. Nitrate reductase activity and spad readings in leaf tissues of guinea grass submitted to nitrogen and potassium rates. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 34, n. 3, p. 801-809, 2010. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-06832010000300022.

LEMAIRE, G.; SALETTE, J. Relation entre dynamique de croissance et dynamique de prélèvement d'azote pour un peuplement de graminées fourragères. I. - Etude de l'effet du milieu. Agronomie 4:423-430, 1984. DOI: 10.1051/agro:19840503

LEMAIRE, G.; JEUFFLOY, M.H.; GASTAL, F. Diagnosis tool for plant and crop N status in vegetative stage. Theory and practices for crop N management. European Journal of Agronomy, v.28, p. 614-624, 2008.

MU, X. et al. Within-leaf nitrogen allocation in adaptation to low nitrogen supply in maize during grain-filling stage. Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 7, p. 699, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00699

NOGUEIRA, A. R. A.; SOUZA, G. B. Manual de Laboratórios: Solo, Água, Nutrição Vegetal, Nutrição Animal e Alimentos. São Carlos: Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, 2005. 313p.

REYES, J. et al. Improved estimation of nitrogen uptake in grasslands using the nitrogen dilution curve. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, v. 35, n. 4, p. 1561-1570, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s13593-016-0388-4.

ROCHA, G.O. et al. Perfilhamento do capim-piatã submetido a regimes de desfolhação intermitente. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.71, n.6, p.2057-2064, 2019. DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10373.

SADRAS, V.O.; LEMAIRE, G. Quantifying crop nitrogen status for comparisons of agronomic practices and genotypes. Field Crops Research, v. 164, p. 54-64, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2014.05.006.

SAMBORSKI, S.M.; TREMBLAY, N.; FALLON, E. Strategies to make use of plant sensors‐based diagnostic information for nitrogen recommendations. Agronomy Journal, v. 101, n. 4, p. 800-816, 2009. DOI: 10.2134/agronj2008.0162Rx.

SBRISSIA, A.F.; DA SILVA, S.C. Compensação tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos em pastos de capim-marandu. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 37, n. 1, p. 35-47, 2008. DOI: 10.1590/S1516-35982008000100005.

SBRISSIA, A.F. et al. Tillering dynamics in palisadegrass swards continuously stocked by cattle. Plant Ecology, v. 206, n. 2, p. 349-359, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/s11258-009-9647-7.

SCHLICHTING, A.F. et al. Efficiency of portable chlorophyll meters in assessing the nutritional status of wheat plants. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental, v. 19, n. 12, p. 1148-1151, 2015. DOI: 10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n12p1148-1151

SILVA, R.O. et al. Sustainable intensification of Brazilian livestock through optimized pasture restoration. Agricultural Systems, v.153, p. 201-211, 2017.

SMITH, A.P. et al. Fertiliser strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency in grazed dairy pastures. Agricultural Systems, v. 165, p. 274-282, 2018.

TECH, A.R.B. et al. Methods of image acquisition and software development for leaf area measurements in pastures. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, v. 153, p. 278-284, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2018.08.025.

VAN RAIJ, B. et al. Recomendações de adubação e calagem para o Estado de São Paulo. Campinas: IAC. Boletim Técnico 100. 1997. 88p.

ZIADI, N. et al. Critical nitrogen curve and nitrogen nutrition index for corn in eastern Canada. Agronomy Journal, v. 100, n. 2, p. 271-276, 2008. DOI:10.2134/agronj2007.0059.

ZHAO, B. et al. Development of a critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf dry matter for summer maize. Field Crops Research, v. 208, p. 60-68, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2017.03.010

WANG, X. et al. Development of a critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area duration in wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 8, p. 1517, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01517

WILSON, P.J.; THOMPSON, K.E.N.; HODGSON, J.G. Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies. New Phytologist, v. 143, n. 1, p. 155-162, 1999. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x

YASUOKA, J. I. et al. Canopy height and N affect herbage accumulation and the relative contribution of leaf categories to photosynthesis of grazed brachiariagrass pastures. Grass and Forage Science, v. 73, n. 1, p. 183-192, 2018. DOI: 0.1111/gfs.12302.

YAO, X. et al. Using leaf dry matter to quantify the critical nitrogen dilution curve for winter wheat cultivated in eastern China. Field Crops Research, v. 159, p. 33-42, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.007.




Revista Ciência Agronômica ISSN 1806-6690 (online) 0045-6888 (impresso), Site: www.ccarevista.ufc.br, e-mail: ccarev@ufc.br - Fone: (85) 3366.9702 - Expediente: 2ª a 6ª feira - de 7 às 17h.